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COVID has changed you, right? You use less cash, perhaps a lot less.
In the first two months of the pandemic, cash withdrawals from automatic teller machines halved. Even now they are down 20 per cent.
So little-used were the main notes traditionally used for small transactions – $5 and $10 notes – that authorities stopped issuing them in the first half of 2020.
The amount of cash banked by retailers dropped by a third between February and May and, according to a new Reserve Bank study, is still much lower than it was.
Only 23 per cent of Australians surveyed in October said they had used cash for their most recent face-to-face purchase, down from more than 30 per cent before.
Of those who said they avoided using cash, 28 per cent said it was unhygienic; 45 per cent had come across a business that wouldn’t take it.
The bank estimates only 4 per cent of businesses refused to accept cash outright, although many more did what they could to discourage it.
Cafes and pubs offered contact-free ordering via QR codes, shops were given permission to lift the PayWave limit for transactions without a PIN, and banks were given permission to mail out cards to customers who didn’t ask for them.
One in five of us holds no cash
If the shift away from using cash seems like something we took in our stride, it’s because we’ve been slinking away from it for years.
Contactless card transactions accounted for a record 50 per cent of in-person sales in 2019, up from 10 per cent in 2013. More than one in five Australians reported they held no cash in their purses and wallets in 2019, up from one in 10 in 2013.
An even bigger 40 per cent said they held no cash outside their wallets.
Toll roads haven’t accepted cash for years. Transport cards such as Myki, Opal and MyWay have grown to the point where they account for 2 per cent of all transactions. Now 5 per cent of face-to-face transactions are done with mobile phones.
The “threshold” below which cash remains the most common means of payment has been falling for decades. In 2019 it was just $4, down from $41 in 2007.
It means you would be entitled to think (and entitled to be certain) that we are falling out of love with cash. We need it less than ever.
Yet bizarrely (and this is something even the experts can’t make sense of) we are amassing more of it than ever, even more so during the pandemic.
Yet in aggregate, we are holding more than ever
The value of cash out there somewhere (notes issued in excess of those returned) soared 17 per cent during 2020. In each of the previous 10 years, while our use of cash dwindled, our holdings climbed by an average of 5 per cent.
So big was demand for cash during the pandemic that the Reserve Bank opened its “contingency” distribution site twice, in March and in July, to get $50 and $100 notes out to banks being asked for them. At the same time the banks held back on returning poor-quality notes in case they needed them.
The paradox is that while many of us are holding absolutely no cash, and many more are holding none outside of their pockets, some are holding bewilderingly large and growing amounts, which they fortified during the recession.
When asked, only one in 200 owns up to holding more than $5000 in cash, but the amounts some of those people are holding must be staggering.
The latest figures show there were 186 million $20 notes out there in circulation at the end of March – about seven for each person in the country.
A clutch of 20s, far more 50s and 100s
The count of $20 notes seems about right. Some are in tills, some in wallets.
But for $50 notes (the ones many of us don’t hold as often) there are an improbable 37 per person in circulation – 947 million. For $100 notes – the ones some of us never see – it is 17 per person.
There are far more $50 and $100 notes than there used to be. Twenty years ago we had just six $100 notes per person, alongside about as many $20 notes as now.
Our neighbour across the Tasman Sea is like we used to be. New Zealand still has only five $100 notes per person in circulation.
For Australia, “circulation” is scarcely the right word.
Our high-value notes are exchanged so rarely the Reserve Bank’s best guess is that, on average, each $100 note will last 200 years before being returned damaged or worn out; $20 notes are returned every eight years.
A chart showing an increase in $50 and $100 notes and steady level of $20 notes
So big is the mystery about where all the notes are that the Reserve Bank has published a study, “Where’s the Money? An Investigation into the Whereabouts and Uses of Australian Banknotes”.
Crime, tax and means tests
The study estimates 5-10 per cent of the notes are lost. It gets the estimate from the number of paper notes that were never converted to plastic when we switched over in the 1990s.
Up to 15 per cent are kept overseas. The RBA can tell by the way demand for notes changes with the value of the Australian dollar.
Only a few per cent are used to store the proceeds of crime. Criminals “convert a large share of their cash profits into other assets”.
Interestingly, where criminals do store cash, the chemical residues left at the site of drug busts suggests it is as $50 rather than $100 notes.
The rest is hoarding, both in case something goes wrong with the banking system (which explains the spike during COVID) and what appears to be an especially Australian desire to avoid tax and things such as the age pension assets test.
New Zealand doesn’t have a pension asset test.
Peter Martin is visiting fellow at the Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University.
This story was originally published on The Conversation and is reproduced here with permission
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